Showing posts with label Irrigation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Irrigation. Show all posts

Friday, March 28, 2014

Ruling Expected Today ...

Ruling expected today on land-clearance caseBy Lucy Ibbotson, on Friday 28 March 2014
Otago Daily Times

Should farming activities or protection of indigenous vegetation take priority on a contentious piece of privately owned land at Hawea Flat?

That is the question the Environment Court will answer today, in a decision Judge John Hassan says is ''by no means an easy one''.

The ruling could have significant implications for the farming industry if an interim enforcement order issued against farmer Dougal Innes earlier this month is upheld, lawyer Graeme Todd submitted to the court in Queenstown yesterday.

The order was obtained by the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand, which considers protecting the indigenous vegetation on Mr Innes' land a matter of ''national importance''.

Mr Innes had already disced a large part of the site before his farming activities were halted by the order, which he has applied to the court to have cancelled.

In closing submissions, Forest and Bird lawyer Sally Gepp said the consequences of Mr Innes not being able to cultivate his land this year should not override a clear breach of the district plan, the adverse effects already caused at the site and the further effects which would occur if the order was cancelled.

''Protection of significant indigenous vegetation is a matter of national importance which all decision-makers must recognise and provide for,'' Ms Gepp said.

The most appropriate forum for considering Mr Innes' proposed farming activity was a resource consent process where all parties could have a view on the matter through notification.

''[Mr Innes] is required to seek consent for indigenous vegetation clearance like any other person.''

It was ''not an ex-appropriation of his rights'', but rather a normal and legal application of the district plan.
Mr Todd, who is acting for neighbouring landowner and interested party James Cooper, said the significant question if the interim order was upheld was: which landowner in the district would be next?

''If farmers are required to spend thousands of dollars applying for resource consents for every act of clearance of their land and if their ability to cultivate and farm their land is curtailed by a standard that they are not allowed to clear pasture even if a few indigenous species are present on a site, this has significant implications for the farming industry not only in this region but in other regions.''

Mr Innes' lawyer, Jan Caunter, said Mr Innes had ''asked all of the right questions and sought advice from all the right places'' on matters relevant to buying the property and which might have affected his ability to use it.

''He sought LIM reports which did not alert him to the presence of indigenous vegetation on the site. It did, however, alert him to activities that had previously been approved on the site, which were in many respects similar to what he wished to do,'' Ms Caunter said.

''[He] received what essentially amounted to 'yes, you can go ahead'.''

Federated Farmers lawyer Richard Gardner said because the land had been used for primary production purposes for a long time and cultivated on occasion for those purposes, Mr Innes' claims to existing use rights were ''well founded''.

''There is no basis upon which the interim enforcement order can be sustained ... Mr Innes and the other farmers in the Queenstown Lakes district who are concerned about the implications of the interim enforcement order should be left to go about their lawful farming activities,'' Mr Gardner said.

Further consideration was given to a compromise, as mooted by Mr Todd on Wednesday.

Judge Hassan asked three ecologists - who were appearing for the council, Mr Innes and Forest and Bird - their view on an appropriate width for a possible buffer zone on the southern boundary of Mr Innes' property, to protect indigenous vegetation on neighbouring land owned by Contact Energy.

Their opinions ranged from 20m to 200m.

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Thursday, March 27, 2014

Land Compromise Raised

Land compromise raised
By Lucy Ibbotson, on Thursday 27 March 2014
Otago Daily Times

The possibility of a ''compromise situation'' benefiting both sides of a land dispute was raised in the Environment Court sitting in Queenstown yesterday.

Detailed scientific evidence was given by three ecologists on day three of a hearing to consider Dougal Innes' application to cancel an interim enforcement order stopping him from farming his land at Hawea Flat.

The order was obtained by the Royal Forest and Bird Society of New Zealand, which has concerns about the potential loss of important indigenous vegetation on the site, which has already been largely cleared and disced by Mr Innes.

Arrowtown ecological consultant Glenn Davis appeared for the Queenstown Lakes District Council, having surveyed Mr Innes' land as part of an ongoing council project to identify areas of significant indigenous vegetation throughout the district.

During cross-examination by lawyer Graeme Todd - representing neighbouring landowner James Cooper, an interested party in the proceedings - Mr Davis was asked what he believed should happen with the land and whether it should be ''locked up'' in the future from further development.

''I would like to see some effort made to at least restore some of the land or maintain at least some of the disturbed land,'' Mr Davis replied.

Mr Todd said maintaining the interim enforcement order would have ''catastrophic implications'' for Mr Innes, as it would prevent him from gaining any income from the land.

He asked if Mr Davis had therefore considered a ''compromise situation'', where the order would be uplifted and some other means of protection applied.

Mr Davis said he had thought of other options, including leaving aside some of the land that had already been disturbed to provide for a ''sequence of vegetation'' spanning the site from the Clutha River to the upper terraces.

''In doing so, there would need to be some reduction in the area that Mr Innes has available for farming.''

Based on his observations, Mr Davis told the court further physical disturbance of the site would exacerbate the ''significant damage'' that had already occurred, but sowing and irrigating the land, as intended by Mr Innes, would ''fundamentally alter'' the whole site and the important plant communities found there.

The hearing continues in Queenstown today before Judge John Hassan and commissioners John Mills and Ian Buchanan. A decision is expected to be issued verbally by the court today or tomorrow.

The case is attracting a large amount of interest, with members of the farming community present each day in the public gallery and the district's Mayor, Vanessa van Uden, and Waitaki MP Jacqui Dean in attendance yesterday.

More...

Wednesday, March 26, 2014

Tensions At Hearing

Tensions at hearing
By Lucy Ibbotson, on Wednesday 26th March 2014
Otago Daily Times

The Queenstown Lakes District Council's level of culpability came under the spotlight yesterday in a land debate pitting farmers against conservationists.

Representatives from both sides packed the public gallery on day two of an Environment Court hearing in Queenstown considering the cancellation of an interim enforcement order against Hawea Flat farmer Dougal Innes.

The order was obtained earlier this month by the Royal Forest and Bird Society of New Zealand to prevent Mr Innes carrying out further native vegetation clearance and discing work on his land next to the Clutha River, which is considered to be ecologically important.

During a break in proceedings, tensions were evident between some of the Upper Clutha farmers and Forest and Bird members.

The council's planning and development general manager, Marc Bretherton, said field notes prepared by the QLDC's ecological consultant identifying the site's conservation values had mistakenly not been provided to the council when Mr Innes sought advice on whether his proposed farming operation would require resource consent.

Mr Bretherton and council planner Ian Greaves subsequently advised Mr Innes it appeared there would be no breach of the district plan.

''Based on the information that council held, there was nothing telling me that he needed a resource consent,'' Mr Bretherton said.

''Certainly, if we'd had possession of that [ecological] information, that would have better informed our understanding of the site ... and we would have been better able to advise Mr Innes.''

Mr Innes was advised obtaining further information himself would ''assist him in determining categorically whether resource consent was or was not required'', Mr Bretherton said.

Mr Greaves said he did not tell Mr Innes to seek additional advice from an ecologist.

However, as it was Mr Innes' obligation to ensure he complied with the district plan rule on indigenous vegetation clearance, it would have been prudent to do so, he said.

''So every time a farmer wants to clear his or her land and they're not sure whether they've got any indigenous vegetation on it, they're going to have to secure the assistance of an ecologist?'' Mr Innes' lawyer, Jan Caunter, asked, to which Mr Greaves replied, ''Yes.''

Both Mr Bretherton and Mr Greaves agreed with commissioner John Mills there was nothing to indicate Mr Innes was ''anything but straightforward'' and had acted on the best information available to him.
Earlier, Mr Mills asked Forest and Bird field officer Jen Miller for her view of the council's response to Mr Innes' inquiries.

''To be frank, if I was Mr Innes I would feel less than satisfied. I think it was not really giving him any direction either way ... Perhaps the council might have been more helpful to him in terms of the information they had available,'' Ms Miller said.

Wanaka landscape architect Anne Steven, appearing for Forest and Bird, acknowledged it was ''somewhat unreasonable'' to expect Mr Innes, as a private rural landowner, to be aware of the ecological information relating to the land.

Mr Innes also took the stand.

''I've invested our entire savings in this property . . . and I didn't intend to be in this position we are now,'' he told the court.

Asked by Forest and Bird lawyer Sally Gepp whether he would keep cultivating the land if the interim enforcement order was cancelled, Mr Innes responded: ''I intend to farm the property, so yes, that's the reason I purchased it.''

Mr Innes' planner, Duncan White, told the court the attendance of many farmers at the hearing reflected concerns in the farming community about the wider implications of the interim enforcement order against Mr Innes.

More...

Tuesday, March 25, 2014

"We Have A Rule In The Plan ..."

We have a rule in the plan
By Lucy Ibbotson, on Tuesday 25 March 2014
Otago Daily Times

A young family facing ''financial ruin'' must be given the same consideration as the protection of ecological values on Hawea Flat land, it was submitted in the Environment Court in Queenstown yesterday.

A hearing is being held this week to consider cancellation of an interim enforcement order requiring farmer Dougal Innes to stop clearance of native vegetation on land he has a purchase agreement on above the Clutha River at Hawea Flat.

Mr Innes has already cleared a large amount of vegetation and carried out discing on the land, which has been assessed by government departments as having high conservation values.

The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand deemed Mr Innes' actions illegal and successfully applied to the Environment Court for the interim enforcement order.

It was served on Mr Innes, as respondent, and the Queenstown Lakes District Council earlier this month, around the same time the council issued an abatement notice on Mr Innes.

However, in written legal submissions, Mr Innes' lawyer Jan Caunter said her client had consulted the council and was at no stage advised he needed resource consent.

''If we had somebody who had flagrantly breached the [district] plan that would be quite different. But that is not what has occurred here,'' Ms Caunter told the court.

''... It is submitted that the information provided to Mr Innes by the council and the implication that no resource consent was required is relevant to the court's assessment.''

The court needed to consider not only the potential for damage to any indigenous vegetation on the site, but the impact on Mr Innes of not being able to complete the cultivation work, which would leave him with ''no reasonable use of his land'', Ms Caunter said.

''Mr Innes and his young family are facing financial ruin if the land is protected from further development,'' her written summary of background facts stated.

Forest and Bird lawyer Peter Anderson said the effects on the environment of cancelling the interim enforcement order were a ''critical'' consideration and should be the focus, rather than the effects on the parties.

He said if there was a strong case for an enforcement order and if there was likely to be significant irreparable adverse effects if the interim order was cancelled, there would need to be a ''highly compelling reason'' for its cancellation.

Ms Caunter said given the ''significant'' level of disagreement among the lawyers, planners and ecologists involved in the case on how the district plan rules relating to indigenous vegetation should be interpreted, it would be especially difficult for a layperson such as Mr Innes to accurately interpret them.

''There are lots of different ways of looking at the rule and that in itself is causing me great concern, that we have a rule in the plan that nobody understands.''

Judge John Hassan instructed ecologists acting for Mr Innes, Forest and Bird and the council to jointly respond to a series of questions aimed at providing clarity on the definition of indigenous vegetation. They will report back to the court today.

The hearing is expected to continue until Thursday, when the court will issue a verbal decision on whether the interim enforcement order is to be confirmed or cancelled.

Dairy farmer James Cooper, a neighbour of the site, and Federated Farmers are interested parties in the court process.

More...

Saturday, March 8, 2014

Land Had "Very High Natural Values"

Land had 'very high natural values'
By Mark Price, on Saturday 8 March 2014
Otago Daily Times

Thirty years ago, the Labour government of the day sent groups of scientists off on a mission. They were asked to find the parts of the landscape that still reflected the way New Zealand was before people began making changes. One of the Recommended Areas for Protection (RAPs) they came up with was a 590ha area of land above the Clutha River at South Hawea Flat, near Wanaka. Last month that RAP went under the plough. Mark Price reports.

On the road between Luggate and Hawea Flat  your eye is drawn west to the majestic snow-capped mountains of Mt Aspiring National Park.

The flat land in the foreground barely registers.

But this land - 590ha of half-cultivated dry grass and tussock along Kane Rd - has suddenly become a battleground between conservationists and farmers.

Two months ago, a digger began dragging kanuka, scrub and the odd pine tree into heaps.

Two weeks ago, a tractor towing a chunky set of discs started turning over the topsoil.

By the time the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society obtained an Environment Court enforcement order on Monday, the agricultural contractor had already left the field.

However, the order means the farmer cannot seed, water or fertilise the land until the matter has been settled in court.

Conservationists know the land in question as South Hawea Flat, Lindis RAP (A12) - RAP standing for Recommended Area for Protection.

Correspondence between Forest and Bird and the Queenstown Lakes District Council over the farmer's cultivation has focused on the rarity of the land's native plants.

But the man who helped establish Lindis RAP (A12) and other RAPs in the Upper Clutha emphasises there is more to the issue.

Now retired from the Department of Conservation and living in Gisborne, Dr Chris Ward told the Otago Daily Times last week Lindis RAP (A12) was recommended for protection 30 years ago because it represented a landscape that was in danger of disappearing entirely.

''The essence of the value of places like this is not simply the rare species.

''It's actually about having the whole system of the landform and the ecological and geological history of the land and the soils and the vegetation that goes with the whole system.

''It reflects a large proportion of the character of the Upper Clutha.''

Dr Ward said when they started looking for places still in their native state, they already had ''very little to start with''.

''The whole context was to identify the best of what remained and then seek its protection rather than see everything degraded to minuscule remnants. These areas - whatever their degree of modification - they still had very high natural values.''

Dr Ward said Lindis RAP (A12) combined the high terrace of Hawea Flat and the drop-off to a set of low terraces leading to the Clutha River.

''The whole point of it was that it was very much undeveloped in the pastoral sense and had large amounts of its indigenous character - though obviously highly modified through grazing and fire.''

The report he helped produce noted the area's ''excellent terrace sequence''.

''The total extent of the RAP, although considerable, is little more than 1% of the original extent of terrace landforms dominated by fescue tussockland and shrubland in the Upper Clutha, and barely sufficient to give an adequate visual impression of the earlier landscape.''

While its vegetation had been ''strongly modified'' by grazing and fire, the report described what remained as ''substantially native communities''.

The report suggested the reasons the land had not been developed further were because the soils were ''among the poorest of the flatlands'' and irrigation water was relatively inaccessible.

Reflecting on the many RAPs he helped identify in the 1980s, Dr Ward said there had been ''more grief than satisfaction'' over how they had fared.

While some had been formally protected, many had not.

''It's the old problem that every success in conservation is temporary and every loss is permanent.''

''When an area is protected, or a decision is made not to destroy something, it can be seen as a victory or a gain for conservation. But it's always temporary because these things can be reversed.

Dr Ward said the cultivation of Lindis RAP (A12) was another of the losses in a world system with a bias against conservation.

''What's left of the natural scheme of things is always being whittled away, and every generation seems to take another chunk of it.

''I'm sure there will be people who will say there was an awful lot of this [Upper Clutha land]. But if every generation takes 60% of what's remaining and leaves 40%, thinking that's being generous, then that becomes two-thirds of five-eighths of [not much].''

Revealing his geological background, Dr Ward said a ''key part'' of the value of an area like Lindis RAP (A12) was its soil.

''The discs turning over the soil have already done irreversible damage. You can't undo that.

''The actual soil profile ... is a reflection of the geological and human history up until now.

''Getting to the guts of natural character is recognising that an undisturbed soil is a key part.''

RAPs were a product of the Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP) that began in 1983.

The programme was intended to protect native landscape features and provide the government with a basis for negotiation with landowners about formal protection.

It was controversial at the time, with some landowners refusing survey parties access, believing they could lose the parts of their properties identified as RAPs.

Philip Woollaston, associate minister for the environment (1987-88) and minister of conservation (1989-90) told the ODT the surveying ''tapered off'' after the 1980s, for economic reasons.

''It was never formally abandoned but just withered on the branch because of cost-cutting.''
Some RAPs got protection via the tenure review process, and by other means, but Lindis RAP (A12) was not one of those.

A report done for the QLDC in February last year by ecologist Rebecca Lawrence did, however, recommend part of the RAP be ''taken forward'' for further consideration as ''significant indigenous vegetation and fauna habitat''.

That would put Lindis RAP (A12) in the district plan and would require the landowner to gain resource consent before carrying out the type of work that has now been done.



Protected areas Recommended Areas of Protection (RAPs):
The land known as South Hawea Flat, Lindis RAP (A12) is one of 19 RAPs in section 4 of a 1980s document called the Lindis, Pisa and Dunstan Ecological Districts Survey Report for Protected Natural Areas.

The others are:
Double Peak, Chain Hills, Dip Creek (two), Morven Hills, Grandview Creek, Hospital Creek, Lagoon Creek, East Camp Creek, West Camp Creek, Long Gully, Long Gully Terrace, Upper Smiths Creek, North Lindis Pass, Mid Breast Creek, Grandview Tops, West Chain Hills, Lindis Crossing.
The report also lists RAPs in the Pisa and Dunstan areas.

More...

Saturday, June 29, 2013

Irrigation Prospectus Withdrawn

Irrigation prospectus withdrawn
By Lynda van Kempen, on Saturday 29 June 2013
Otago Daily Times

Tarras Water Ltd has withdrawn its second consecutive prospectus after failing to find a dry shareholder for its proposed $36.5 million Tarras irrigation scheme and may have to ''concede defeat''.

The company received a double setback this week when the Otago Regional Council decided against investing $3.5 million in the scheme. It had the option to take up 30% of the ''dry'' shares, covering properties which chose not to irrigate.

Because of the regional council's decision, the Central Otago District Council's support for the scheme also lapsed. It had agreed to guarantee a bank loan of up to 20% of the capital cost of the scheme, but only if the regional council invested.

The proposal was to draw water from the Clutha River to irrigate 5999ha of Tarras land. The scheme aimed to ease demand on the Lindis River. The regional council said the company had not met council-imposed conditions and the risk of not being able to on-sell the dry shares meant the investment was too risky.

Earlier this month, the company withdrew its first prospectus, after failing to meet its 70% threshold for ''wet'' shareholders. It issued another prospectus with a 65% threshold for wet shareholders. Yesterday was the closing date for the latest share offer but it withdrew the prospectus yesterday afternoon.

''Despite its best efforts, Tarras Water Ltd has been unable to secure interest from a party prepared to be a dry shareholder within the current prospectus time frame,'' a statement from the company's board said.
The company had signalled in the prospectus it needed support through a dry shareholder, applying for redeemable preference shares, ''to allow the proposed scheme to be built to optimise its potential''.

It had explored all the options in terms of dry shareholders, including considering seeking support from the Crown Irrigation Fund, but the fund would not be functional until next month, company secretary John Morrison said.

''Therefore, the TWL board wishes to advise that as at the closing date for the prospectus, no shares can be allotted as terms and conditions of this prospectus will not be met.''

Asked yesterday whether the board was ''conceding defeat'', Mr Morrison said: ''I guess we're conceding, on this particular scheme.''

The board would be meeting soon to ''take stock of where we're at'' and consider its options, he said.

The board's statement said ''mindful of its responsibilities to the Tarras district, the board will now consider its options, including any subscription cheques or deposits held by TWL being returned to their owner''.
Mr Morrison declined to elaborate on other options being considered by the board.

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Friday, June 28, 2013

Central Otago Water Scheme Rejected

Central Otago water scheme rejected

Friday 28 June 2013
Radio New Zealand

The Otago Regional Council has rejected a request to put money into a Central Otago water scheme and the decision may end the $39 million project.

The Tarras Water Scheme would irrigate farmland in the Ardgour Valley, taking water from the Clutha River to supply 40 properties covering about 6000 hectares in the district which lies between Cromwell and Wanaka.

But council chief executive Stephen Woodhead said on Thursday that the backers of the scheme have failed to meet several council-imposed conditions.

Mr Woodhead said the council was asked to contribute $3.5 million by way of dry shares. But there was a risk they would not be able to sell those shares in the future to recoup costs.

The council also said it couldn't ignore the depth of feeling in parts of the community about the wisdom of the regional council investing ratepayer money in an irrigation scheme or its impact on rates.

A spokesperson for Tarras Water said he is unable to comment until the share offer on the scheme closes on Friday.

More...

Tuesday, June 25, 2013

Call To Reject Irrigation Scheme

Call to reject irrigation scheme
By Rebecca Fox on Tuesday 25 June 2013
Otago Daily Times

Investing in Tarras Water Ltd's proposed irrigation scheme is too risky for the Otago Regional Council, its staff say.

They are recommending the council not invest in the $36.5 million scheme. The option was to take up 30% of ''dry'' shares (covering properties which choose not to irrigate) to irrigate 5999ha in Tarras.

Councillors will make a final decision on the $3.35 million investment, which had already cost the council about $250,000, at a meeting in Dunedin tomorrow.

It will end a six-month debate which included the council controversially overturning a hearing panel recommendation not to give it the option of investing in the scheme.

The council since had struggled to get the information it needed from the company to make an investment decision.

In the meantime, Tarras Water had issued two prospectuses, the second changing the form of the scheme and reducing the ''wet'' share (landowners who take up the option to irrigate) take-up from 70% to 65%.
In a report to be considered by the council, corporate services director Wayne Scott said it was very disappointing Tarras Water had made ''fundamental'' changes to the scheme without any contact with the council.

''The reissued prospectus moves further from common ground.''

It also meant conditions the ORC had set in its long-term plan amendment to allow investment were not met by Tarras Water.

A significant risk was the uncertainty around the council's ability to on-sell the shares not taken up by landholders, he said.

The new prospectus raised doubts over landowners having to buy shares from the council or taking up their full allocation.

This risk was greater than first assessed and the council was aware of at least one 100ha property in the area where owners had installed their own irrigation scheme.

''It is our view that the identified dry shareholder investment does not appear entirely robust,'' Mr Scott said.
As a result, the council could be left holding dry shares which would offer no return.

The council had sought independent advice, including a financial and investment risk report from Ernst and Young, an engineering review from Beca and advice on its possible liabilities under the Securities Act.

While Beca reported the scheme was sound, Ernst and Young advised the scheme was not designed to deliver a commercial return to shareholders.

It also noted the largest 10 landholders represented 83% of the scheme area and four of those owned 55%, and the debt repayment period had been extended to 47 years, longer than the water permit term of 35 years.

While a return on the council's investment is planned, it would not be a normal rate of return considering the associated risks, according to the Ernst and Young report.

The council's support had been based on it being a community scheme providing water for domestic, stock and fire-fighting use, Mr Scott said.

As Tarras Water had reduced the scheme's size, it appeared to be for irrigation only.

The public, through the long-term amendment and annual plan processes, had shown its opposition to the council funding the scheme and many who once supported it no longer did because of the loss of community services.

If the regional council accepted its staff recommendation, it could put the Central Otago District Council's bank loan agreement with Tarras Water - up to $8 million, or 20% of the capital cost of the scheme - into question as it was conditional on ORC support.

It would also mean the regional council's general rate increase would only be 2.97%, not the 5.34% proposed if it went ahead with the Tarras investment.

Tarras Water Ltd chairman Peter Jolly was on holiday in Fiji and could not be contacted yesterday for comment. Company secretary John Morrison, who was in Melbourne, declined to comment as he had not seen the council report, and said nobody from the company would be able to comment at this stage.
 


Tarras scheme • Take water from Clutha River to irrigate land in Tarras.
• Initially proposed to cover 7630ha - now 5999ha.
• Was to include water for firefighting, town and domestic supply - now it will not.
• Cost $36.5m.70% take up of ''wet'' shares amended to 65% after investment fell short.
• ORC to take up 30% of dry shares worth $3.5m.
• CODC to guarantee bank loan if ORC gives its support.

More...

Thursday, May 5, 2011

Tarras Irrigation Gets $180k Boost

Tarras irrigation gets $180k boost
By Mark Hotton, on Thursday 5th May 2011
The Southaland Times

A share offer has raised about $180,000 to pay for the final design stages of a multimillion-dollar irrigation scheme for Tarras that is expected to bring significant economic benefit to the district.

The community project plans to pump water from the Clutha River to the area and irrigate about 8000ha of farm land, with economic benefits of about $56 million annually and more than 100 jobs forecast.

The offer of 7630 shares, each $34, closed this year.

Tarras Water director Peter Jolly said about 70 per cent of the shares had been taken up, and negotiations were under way with a third party interested in the rest. A decision was also expected soon on an application lodged with the Community Irrigation Fund.

While they could proceed to the design stage without the additional 30 per cent being taken up, securing that and money from the fund would give them extra grunt to do more preliminary work, Mr Jolly said.

"That would give us a good pot to get more detailed engineering and survey work done, put the whole thing out to tender, and come up with a cost for building the scheme."

The more investigative work that could be carried out in regards to geo-technical and engineering detail before they went to tender, the fewer variables there would be when they came back with a price, Mr Jolly said.

That would give shareholders a clear idea on how much the scheme would cost. A second share offer would be needed to raise funds for the construction, estimated to be about $36 million.

"It's all looking very positive. We're very lucky that the community support has been outstanding, including the councils, Fish and Game and DOC. It has been a big community effort," he said.

"We're not doing this for ourselves, we're doing it for future generations. If we can leave a legacy for future generations and make Tarras a vibrant place again, to me we will have achieved something."

Resource consent for the scheme was granted in January 2010, with a five-year window to activate the water permit. The plan is to deliver water in spring 2013, via an underground network, to farms for irrigation, communal domestic use, stock water and firefighting needs.

More...

Clyde Dam Highly Problematic

Since the filling of the Dunstan reservoir behind the Clyde dam was completed in 1993, the Clyde dam controversy has faded in the minds of most New Zealanders. But the woes of the last 'think big' project have not gone away. Despite extensive and costly mitigation measures, issues remain regarding gorge instability, faultlines, and reservoir sediment build-up.

The Cairmuir-Dunstan Fault cuts across the gorge just above the dam, and the River Channel Fault disects the dam and the powerhouse. The discovery of the River Channel Fault came as a surprise to dam workers, who uncovered the micro-fractured rock running in a wide band along the riverbed. Obviously, fissured rock is not suitable for dam foundations. The first solution was to pump vast amounts of slurry concrete into the fault, but concerns mounted over the extent and depth of the faultline, and the likely futility of 'dental' concrete.

Finally, experts were called in to determine the extent of the fault issue. It was calculated that the River Channel Fault was 12-15km deep. This lead to a dam re-design in 1982 (during which a sluice channel was omitted leading to later modifications that reduced the dam's MW output by one-third). Subsequent investigations carried out by a team of some 40 geologists revealed serious instability issues throughout the gorge. The result was an incredibly expensive gorge stabilization programme, costing $936 million dollars (2005 value), resulting in the total cost of the project blowing-out to $1.4-1.8 billion dollars. The exact cost is unavailable or unknown, suggesting the true cost could be even higher.

There was considerable doubt over whether or not the dam would be safe, but in the end the government of the day, under Prime Minister Robert Muldoon, refused to admit that the project had been botched, and it was finished, complete with a controversial 'slip-joint' to accommodate earthquakes up to, supposedly, 7 on the Richter Scale.

The 'slip-joint' was hailed as an engineering achievement, but one of New Zealand's most respected geo-technical scientists at the time, Gerald Lensen, insisted that it was designed incorrectly, because the River Channel Fault is 'tensional' (pulling apart) and not 'lateral' (slipping sideways). Needless to say, this fact has been kept quiet ever since.

Now, according to GNS scientists, the 'big one' is overdue along the Alpine Fault (bigger than the 7.8 Fiordland quake in July 2009). Meantime, the 6,500 measuring and monitoring stations quietly observe the landslide movements, reduced but not stopped, and visible silting up continues in the Kawarau Arm at an alarming rate estimated to be 1.46 million cubic metres per year, building up the reservoir bed profile by an estimated 1.85m annually.

The Decline of Large Hydro

In the 21st century, energy that is "renewable" is defined as energy from a source that is both naturally replenishing and environmentally safe and sustainable. The term “new” renewable energy has also been used to define the latest wave of renewable technologies that are truly environmentally sustainable.

By such standards, hydropower over 10 MW is no longer considered renewable because the negative impacts of large hydropower outweigh the so-called renewable benefits, which have inherent limitations.

In New Zealand, we are told that to maintain our present society and standard of living we need a minimum increase in power availability of 2.5% per annum (peak power), with 170 MW of new generation added each year. Based on this figure, we would need the equivalent of one Luggate dam (86 MW) every 6 months, or one Tuapeka dam (350 MW) every 25 months, or another Clyde dam (432 MW) every 29 months. Clearly, this is not a credible long-term solution.

World-wide, large hydropower declined in the 1990s because of mounting opposition that culminated in the World Commission on Dams report (2000), which acknowledged that large dams do not meet best practice guidelines in the water and energy sector. The global recession spurred more large dam projects, especially in developing countries, but the tide has turned and large hydro is again in decline as new renewable technologies sweep the world.

The intrinsic problems associated with large dams have long been glossed over. Hydroelectricity is often falsely promoted as cheap and reliable. While the operating costs of hydroelectric dams can be relatively low, their construction costs are extremely high, running into the billions of dollars for major projects. They are also prone to cost overruns. The WCD (World Commission on Dams, 2000) found that on average dams cost 56% more than forecast. And 55% of the hydroelectric projects studied by the WCD generated less power than planners promised.

New Zealand's Clyde dam is an obvious example of disastrous cost overruns. According to the public record, the 1982 winning bid from the joint venture of W. Williamson & Co. of Christchurch and Ed. Zublin AG of Stuttgart, was $102.6 million. Ten years later when the dam began producing power, the cost had climbed to $1.4 – 1.8 billion. Conversely, the planned generation of 612 MW had fallen to an actual capacity of 432 MW.

Typically, construction and mitigation costs are under-estimated, long-term costs are ignored, the value of the proposed dam and mitigation measures are inflated, while the value of the current and potential benefits from the existing environment are under-reported.

The proponents of large dams also invariably claim that large hydropower is "green" energy. However, the carbon footprint of a large-scale hydro project is anything but "green". A comparative study at the University of Auckland found that large hydro has a full-life carbon footprint that is 2.5 times larger than that of tidal energy.

A similar comparative study in the U.K. found that in terms of grams of CO2 equivalent per kWh of electricity generated, large hydro in the U.K. comes in with a carbon footprint 2 to 6 times larger than that of wind power. Specifically, large hydro has been measured at 10-30gCO2eq/kWh while wind has been measured at only 4.64gCO2eq/kWh, the lowest except for nuclear (Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation, 2006).

It is easy to understand why large dams rate so poorly. For example, the Clyde dam contains 1 million cubic metres of concrete, equivalent to about 3 million tonnes. Manufacturing one tonne of cement requires 4.7 million BTU’s of energy, which is the amount contained in about 170 litres of oil or 190 kilograms of coal. Obviously, this combined with emissions from machinery involved in earthworks for foundations, roading, terrain forming, landslide mitigation, and through the loss of river corridor carbon sink forests or vegetation, adds up to an enormous carbon footprint.

There are over 54,000 large dams in the world, some 5,000 of which are over 50 years old. The typical design-life of such dams is 80 years, and an increasing number of old dams are being classified as high risk. It is a telling fact that more dams are being decommissioned than built in the U.S., but dam owners typically avoid decommissioning issues and try to evade the considerable costs associated with dam removal and river restoration. This scenario points to a looming dam safety crisis.

In the past, the benefits of large dams were viewed as outweighing their obvious short and long-term environmental impacts. That has changed.

Large hydropower once represented the epitome of 20th Century technology and a passport to prosperity, projecting a misguided belief that Nature could be controlled without consequences. In the 21st Century, we face a new reality, for which 20th Century energy solutions are unacceptable.

Roxburgh Dam Decommissioning?

The Roxburgh dam was commissioned in 1956, and it is New Zealand's oldest concrete gravity dam. Such dams have a design lifespan of 80-100 years, but the actual lifespan of a dam depends on the rate at which its reservoir fills with sediment. Assessing the remaining life of a dam and reservoir is complex, but reservoir flooding events indicate that time is running out.

When other issues are added to the picture, questions must be asked.

The Roxburgh dam - like the Clyde dam, has faultine and landslide issues that are potentially catastrophic (something which has been kept quiet). However, when the Roxburgh dam was built, there was minimal geotechnical investigation and mitigation undertaken, despite obvious evidence of major landslides in the Roxburgh Gorge, notably at Island Basin.

But reservoir sedimentation is the most problematic issue. In fact, within 15 years of the dam's commissioning, the dam's two low level sluice gates were inoperable, and since then the silt burden has filled much of the Roxburgh reservoir reaching back to Alexandra. In 1995, ECNZ estimated that 1.5 million cubic metres of silt had entered the Roxburgh reservoir every year before the Clyde dam was built, and that a total 50 million cubic metres of silt had accumulated in the reservoir, raising the bed profile 'considerably'. Attempts to 'flush' the silt have had little effect, and have not reversed this process. This is probably because of the 'Gates of the Gorge,' a narrow bottleneck just below Alexandra.

As a result, Alexandra has become flood-prone, and has installed flood defence walls along the river. But even these will not be high enough to prevent future flooding, because the riverbed will gradually keep rising. It was thought that by building the Clyde dam that this sedimentation problem would be largely solved, but some silt still gets through to continue choking the reservoir and river, and the Manuherikia River still contributes silt when it is high.

Efforts continue to "buy time" for the Roxburgh dam. More "flushing" will only move some of the sediment load further toward the dam. (Flushing has failed to remove sediment wherever it has been tried, including on the Colorado.) Physically removing millions of cubic metres of sediment is not practicable because of the costs involved. An interim measure is to remove some sediment from the Manuherikia confluence, and also from the Galloway area, but this does not address the major constriction at the 'Gates of the Gorge.'

The most desperate strategy is to raise the operating level of the Roxburgh reservoir, and this was done in 2009 when a rise of .6m was consented. While this allows water to reach the dam more easily, it also increases the risks associated with flooding events, both at Alexandra and the dam. In the life cycle of a dam, this is the "Russian roulette phase."

The dam owners and the Crown must face up to the fact that the Roxburgh dam and reservoir will not last forever, and that enormous risks are imposed on communities in the meantime. A feasibility study is needed to determine the most effective decommissioning and de-silting methodology. Where such dam removal projects have been undertaken overseas, the costs as a proportion of construction, range from 35% to 150%.

However, since there has been no provision for the ultimate decommissioning of the Roxburgh dam (typical of the hydropower industry), there is something of a head-in-the-sediment policy on this issue.

Questions should be asked, including the most difficult question of all ... when the time comes to decommission the dam, who will pay?
© Clutha River Guardian 2009-2015